Combined with the personality of the individual, and his or her biases, it is easy to see how the various theories of personality came to be.
As knowledge and scientific approaches advance, so do theories researchers develop. Some are based, and expand upon existing theories, and others may be completely new theories that challenge what researchers already understand. As with all theories and practices, there will be strengths and limitations. In regard to personality theories one must determine whether or not the behavior is deterministic or the free will of the individual.
Taking these factors into account, researchers can develop basic underlying assumptions of human behavior and personality traits. Each of these individuals developed theories that form the basic guidelines of understanding human personalities. These theories complement and contrast one another in various points and concepts, which gives researchers of today different ideas to work with.
On their own, each theory has withstood years of advancements in the field of human personality studies, and have provided vast amounts of research data, and guidelines that researchers use to this day. Researchers have various theories to choose from in regard to studying human personality and behavior.
Researchers may choose to use a humanistic approach, a behavioral approach, or psychoanalytic approach, to name a few. Each approach provides a different set of assumptions, processes, and applications.
They also provide different strengths and weaknesses that can aid or hamper scientific study. The humanistic approach operates on the basic assumption that people have free will, and people have an innate desire to make themselves, and the world better McLeod.
Humanism also rejects the scientific approach used in other methods of psychological study, and places emphasis on humans being fundamentally different from other animals because humans are capable of thought, reason, and language McLeod.
Humanistic researchers rejected the rigorous scientific approach to psychology because it was viewed as dehumanizing, and lacking in the ability to capture the importance of conscious experiences McLeod. This article aims to compare and contrast behaviorism and humanism. Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of observable actions and scientific studies and suggests that behavior is shaped by the environment.
Humanism, on the other hand, emphasizes the study of the whole person and inner feelings. What is Humanism — Definition, Characteristics 3. Behaviorism, Humanism.
Behaviorism is a psychological approach that uses scientific and objective methods of investigation to analyze human and animal psychology.
This approach focuses on observable actions, i. Stimulus and response are a key concept in behaviorism. Here, stimuli are environmental factors and responses are observable behavior. Moreover, behaviorism studies observable stimulus-response behaviors, and emphasizes all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. Behaviorism also suggests two main types of situations where people learn from their environment: classic conditioning and operant conditioning.
In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a naturally occurring stimulus. This neutral stimulus eventually gains the ability to evoke the same response as the naturally occurring stimulus, even without the presence of a naturally occurring stimulus.
In brief, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. We call the neutral stimulus here the conditioned stimulus, and we call the learned behavior a conditioned response.
When speaking of behaviorism the theories of classical conditioning by Pavlov and Operant conditioning of Skinner are significant. Classical conditioning explains that some learning can be due to involuntary emotional and psychological responses. Operant conditioning, on the other hand, involves the conditioning of voluntary, controllable behaviours. The behaviourists highlight that human behaviour is learnt and can be changed through reinforcement and punishment.
Unlike behaviorism humanism uses a different approach to psychology where they look at the individual as a whole. They believed that all humans are unique and are free agents who have the ability to achieve their innate potential to the fullest. When looking at the individual, they prefer to adopt the point of view of the person within the situation rather than the point of view of the observer. In counselling , this is also referred to as empathy that is where the observer would get into the perspective of the person who is facing the situation.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are some of the prominent figures in this school of thought and have made a massive contribution to its development. However, in order to get to this, humans have to acquire certain needs, namely, biological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs and finally self-actualization.
Another significant theory is the person-centred theory by Carl Rogers, that is used in counselling.
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